The Civil Engineering World

ESTIMATION Estimate is a calculation of various items of an engineering works so as to know its approximate cost and quantities of various kinds of materials required with labour involved for its satisfactory completion. Purpose of Estimating 1-To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner/contractor to complete the proposed work. 2-For public construction works, estimates are required in order to obtain administrative approval, allotment of funds and technical sanction. 3-To ascertain quantities of materials required in order to program their timely procurement. 4-To calculate the number of different categories of workers that are to be employed to complete the work within the scheduled time of completion. 5-To assess the requirements of Tools, Plants and equipment required to complete the work according to the program.  6-To fix up the completion period from the volume of works involve in the estimate.  7-To draw up a construction schedule an

History of GFRC •Brought from England to the United States in 1970 •Formed by Stromberg •First GFRC was used in USA •Developed many techniques and technology used in GFRC •In 1978 GFRC product was sold and installed on construction project in North America About GFRC  —Offers exciting properties. —Allows designer the ability to achieve the durability of stone or concrete. —Composed of glass fiber, cement and fine aggregate. —Reduce water absorption . —Non combustible. —Variety of shape. —Easily match to stone, lime stone and granite. —Become extremely popular among the architecture design. Manufacture of GFRC Two types :- A. Sprayed Method-  B. Premix Vibration Method Note:-      For larger items-Sprayed method For small items-Premix method Sprayed GFRC stronger than premix vibration Sprayed GFRC has lower water content than premix GFRC                            Typical Mix Design of Sprayed And Premix GFRC                      Sprayed

Cement should be stored in a building or a shed which is dry, leakproof and as moisture proof as possible. The building or shed for storage should have minimum number of windows and close fitting doors and these should be kept closed as far as possible.   Cement should be stored and stacked in bags and should be kept free from the possibility of any dampness or moisture coming in contact with them. Cement bags should be stacked off the floor on wooden planks in such a way as to keep about 150 mm to 200 mm clear above the floor. The floor may comprise of lean cement concrete or two layers of dry bricks laid on well consolidated earth. A space of 600  mm minimum should be left around between the exterior walls and the stacks. The height of stack should not be more than 10 bags. he width of the stack shall be not more than four bags length or 3 metres. In stacks more than 8 bags high, the cement bags shall be arranged alternately length-wise and cross-wise so as to tie th

Cost of Construction Stage Wise Estimation of Cost of Construction APPROXIMATE COST OF CONSTRUCTION - ITEM WISE AND ACTIVITY WISE

Apparatus: Mould shall consist of a metal frustum of cone having the following internal dimensions: Bottom diameter-20 cm Top diameter     -10 cm Height                -30 cm The mould shall be of a metal other than brass and aluminium of at least 1.6 mm (or 16 BG) thickness. The top and bottom shall be open and at right angles to the axis of the cone.  The mould shall have a smooth internal surface. It shall be provided with suitable foot pieces and handles to facilitatelifting it from the moulded concrete test specimen in a vertical direction as required by the test.  A mould provided with a suitable guide attachment may be used. Tamping rod shall be of steel or other suitable material 16 mm in diameter 60 mm long and rounded at one end. Procedure:  The internal surface of the mould shall be thoroughly cleaned and free form superfluous moisture and any set concrete before commencing the test.  The mould shall be placed on a smooth horizontal, rigid and

Preparation of the Surface The surface of the slab should be roughened by scrapping when the slab concrete is still green, however, the surface need not be hacked. In case the slab is already cast and surface fairly finished, the same shall be cleaned neatly of all mortar droppings, loose materials etc with brooms/cloth.   Providing and Laying of Slurry under Base Coat The required quantity of slurry should be prepared using 2.75 kg. blended cement + water per sqm. area to be covered, taking particular care to see that only that much quantity of slurry shall be prepared which can be used within half an hour of preparation i.e. before the initial setting time of cement. The prepared slurry shall be applied over the dampened surface with brushes very carefully, including the joints between the floor slab and the parapet wall, holes on the surfaces, joints of pipes, masonry/concrete etc. The application of the slurry should continue upto a height of 300 mm on the parap